Improving our programmes for better results

The 3rd regional sanitation and hygiene practitioners workshop held last week (31 Jan-2 Feb 2011) generated many inspiring and animated interactions. And more people have joined the discussions via the Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/SanHyP

Discussions at the 'Dhaka adda'/ gossip corner 

The overarching workshop themes were equity, monitoring and sustainability. Discussions have touched on a range of  issues and challenges around these themes.

Equity is the principle of fairness. While many poilicies and WASH programmes aim to reach everyone (women and men, rich and poor, social minorities and majority groups) in practice, many people are left behind. Practicing equity and involves recognising that people are different and need different support and resources to ensure that their rights are realized (Shordt, Da Silva Wells, Krukkert 2012).

Questions related to equity included: Are we reaching the poorest and how can we do better? What could be done to improve menstrual hygiene of girls who are not-in-school? How gender sensitive are ecosan toilets? And how do women use them when they menstruate? How to reach out to men?

Building on the conclusions of the 2010 workshop, we examined a number of monitoring methods which monitor performance and use of facilities, not just counting how many 'improved' toilets have been built. 

For sustainability it is crucial that we look beyond construction. Effective hygiene promotion is a key factor for achieving sustained behaviour change. But investments are also needed in ongoing monitoring of toilets and their use, solid and liquid waste disposal at village level, capacity building of local government and local small businesses. The Life Cycle Cost Approach and service levels developed by the WASHCost programme provide a useful framework to analyse spending by government and households on sanitation and the resulting levels of service.

WASHCost research in India, covering more than five thousand households, concludes that capital investments made on sanitation are often going to waste, as the toilets constructed are not being used.  Once pits fill up, people often revert to open defecation. In seven out of the 21 villages studied that were declared 'Open Defecation Free', more than half the population did not use a toilet. Read the full paper 'Looking beyond capital costs - Life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery' here 

Monitoring for effectiveness

There is a huge focus on construction in the WASH sector. Each country wants to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and a tremendous increase in toilets is needed. But, construction is not the same as safe use by all family members forever. The Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All (SSH4A) programme has applied a framework for performance monitoring in in 5 countries. This framework collects data on qualitative issues like the use of sanitation facilities by all family members, involvement in decisionmaking etc, and quantitative issues like how many toilets, handwashing facilities etc.
In densely populated or informal settlements, toilets for each household are often not an option. Where they exist, public toilets are often in a horrible state. Successful monitoring and management of community toilets is an area where much can be learned.

Communitee monitoring team, Delhi 

Joyti Sharma of and NGO called Force India presented an approach which has been applied succesfully in in 75 slums in Delhi. Community monitoring teams of young women monitor performance of the toilet complexes on service indicators specified in their contract with the municipality. Impacts have been:

- Infrastructure improved drastically
- Community knows what to expect and what not
- Appreciative mode of operation by the monitoring teams helps improve the situation
- Proven scalability and improved sustainability

The paper titled “Improvement in community toilet complex services through community monitoring" can be downloaded here: http://www.irc.nl/page/68112

Service improvement can lead to higher revenues for the operators as well as more satisfied users. In Katmandu, Basnet Manish and Bajimaya Shreya did a survey of public toilets, focusing on the ‘City Service Center (CSC)’ model and mobile toilets operating under a Public Private Partnership (PPP). They conclude that cleaner, more convenient and profitable facilities come from Build, Operate, Own and Transfer (BOOT) mechanisms under a public-private agreements. Successful toilet complexes have other services/shops in the same complex, as well as a good location for the complex. The private operators are motivated to provide a good service and make a profit too. The paper titled “Study of different modalities of public toilets in Kathmandu Metropolitan City" can be downloaded here:http://www.irc.nl/page/68110